Foraging and Nutritional Ecology of Primates in SE Asia Essay Example for Free

Foraging and Nutritional Ecology of Primates in SE Asia Essay There are foods of various kinds that fit the foraging and nutritional needs of primates in SE Asia, these primates in question use the foods to extract carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, fats and minerals. We look at the impact of the environment on these primates for there foraging and nutritional needs. We also observe systematics, their distribution, their genetics, their anatomy, their physiology, their ecology and conservation. Some of these primates, to observe and study are wood antelope and fossarial leaf rat. Availability of the plant species and their evolutionary history comes in and also cell theory is also looked at, fossil history is also looked at to some extent, and the whole work becomes interesting (Balee, 1998, 25) The foraging needs as well as the nutritional needs of primates are much varied due to the special needs of that particular primate. In most cases they need food to provide them with energy for growth, reproduction, movement and even at rest (the basal metabolic rate). Once the food is ingested it travels inside the body of the organism or in this case the primate and once assimilated into the blood stream it passes through a process called respiration and the energy needed for the body is obtained, Normally, when the primates are still as infants, energy is really needed for their growth and development and as they mature their energy requirement tend to increase and thus the need for more food (Balee, 1998, p. 68) As for the wood antelope and the fossarial leaf rat they normally have a special kind of bacteria in their guts, which helps to digest cellulose. This is because all the types of food the rely on have cellulose as one of the components and since other components are digestible, cellulose is not digestible and so the work of this special kind of bacteria comes in. The wood antelope feeds on the grasses, shrubs and bushes, which contain cellulose, and the fossarial leaf rat feeds mostly, if not exclusively on leaves of certain trees, bushes and shrubs and so they also contain cellulose. So this particular bacteria plays a very important role in the lives of these primates (Govbson, et el, 1998, p. 100) The extraction of carbohydrates, vitamins, fats, proteins and minerals normally occur through some other body metabolisms, which also play a very important role in the growth and energy requirements of these primates. The extracts are also used in the bone formation, in this case proteins are used for this purpose and the minerals and vitamins are used for important functions in the bodies of the organisms (Leyh, 2007,p. 150) In any ecological systems there is competition among organisms for space mates and food. All these things that they compete for depend in one or another with the energy available. For instance, if an organism is to get an adequate space for himself, the organism has to fight for it and unless he is strong enough, it cannot be easy for him to get it. It is more of the survival for the fittest and death for the unfit. Only the fittest is this case can survive. When it comes to competition for mates this one also depends with the idea of having enough energy for mating with as many mates as possible for the male, and having enough energy of bearing the pregnancy and being able to deliver in the case of the female. It is also another case of survival for the fittest Another thing that these primates, especially of the same species must have enough and adequate food for them, those who are capable of getting food survive, while those who do not get die. This is also another good example of survival for the fittest and death for the unfit. Charles Darwin first put this forward in his theory of evolution of species (Kenzey, 1997,p. 15) Migration of the primates in question is one important area to look at. For an organism to migrate like in this case the wood antelope must ensure that they have eaten enough food because of the long distance, which may be required to be covered. Migration normally occurs due to climatic changes, which may lead to scarcity of food, mates and poor or harsh environmental condition as such the organism is forced to migrate and look for a more favorable place to start life a fresh. (Balee, 1998,p. 250) In this case, migration does not make it possible for the primates to start eating different foods, what happens is that they go at a place with similar foods and nutritional needs which suits them. If this idea of starting to eat different foods could be true then it would have been brought through evolution. The primates in question would have evolved a natural mechanism of adapting to different forages and nutritional needs; and it is the only known ways for the different mechanism to have been possible. This idea of evolution is very important in many ways, the first and most important case is this of the availability of the plant species, which provide food for the primates. Another is the cell theory, which gives room for the availability of certain organelles necessary for the type of environmental or ecological situations in which these primates in question find themselves (Caro, 1998,p. 341) These primates have therefore adapted certain special ways through which they use to survive in their environments. One important thing is that they have sight. This importance of sight comes handy to see their food or forages. And also being able to spot their enemies. The adaptation is evolutionary connected; and the nutritive values of the forages of these primates go together with evolution. The influence of forages availability on the primates in question, on their sociality and reproduction is another crucial factor to consider. The fact that these forages are available within the environment of these primates shows that, they are influenced a great deal on their sociality and reproduction. In the first place the population of rats tend to be higher than that of antelopes, because of some factors, which we can consider, for one the rats are smaller in size and thus can occupy a smaller space with just a very large population of them. And secondly their evolutionary mechanism suits them to be many in number than the antelopes. These antelopes consume more food and therefore are naturally fewer in number. Therefore food is a limiting factor in the population of these primates in question (Campbell, 1995,p. 120) Therefore in studying the population of these primates in question the factor of availability of forages is very important in deed. It determines the reproductive tendencies and also their presence in a given environment. Their daily habits are also affected. Their natural anatomy and physiology evolve according to available forages. This factor should always be put into consideration when dealing with systematics of these primates, if one is to be on the safe side (Caro, 1998,p. 350) Apart from the availability of forages for the nutritional needs of these primates one must also consider a depth the evolutionary tendencies. These primates have body structures suitably adapted for their functions. For instance, they have legs, which help them to run, from their enemies or rather predators, and also these legs help them to reach their foods in good time. (Caro, 1998,p. 50) The nature of their energy requirements is such that they function up to the time when they are required to rest, this is where the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) comes in. The bodies of these primates function such that they must relax or have a rest. This is usually at right. It is common at night. As rest remains necessary and so is the regulation of the available food. The leaves are given time and room to grow and mature again. When the food becomes abundant, these primates tend to increase their population, which leads to a very high competition for food, and so there are those who die in the process especially when food becomes scarce (Campbell, 1995,p120) The food available to these primates is also connected to their evolutionary tendencies. One will find that always there will be certain kind of trees shrubs or bushes where certain primates are found. In this case, some species of trees, which tend to produce leaves in plenty, will found where certain primates are found. This is important because it contributes to the importance of the food chain. As such certain animals will also be found there in plenty especially in this case, those animals which feed on wood antelopes like the lions, cheetahs and leopards will always be found in these environments. The case is the same with those who feed on fossarial leaf rats. (Gouldey, 2007, 200) As such the foraging and nutritional ecology of primate in South East Asia recently important and complex as it looks. The fossils found in some places always have evolutionary connections with some primates . The fossarial leaf rats have some bearing of connectivity with the domesticated rats and some animals of lower form. As for the wood antelopes they show some similarities with some animals of both lower form and higher form. The analyzed cases are very important as they contribute a lot of information to those who study the fossils; and the whole field of study becomes interesting. This clearly shows that the evolutionary connection of fossils and the organisms in question is true and reliable. The primates then must have evolved in a special way, where they have teeth for chewing their food or forages; their elementary canals are also highly specialized in performing their functions. Mammologists should come up with better methods of studying the organisms in question, since there is a lot to show and inform those who are interested. In the case of the organelles of the cells, when the energy requirement is high the cell tend to have a lot of mitochondria, which help in the respiration process. But all this is not important if the food is not available. Therefore the special way through which these primates have evolved with time to be where they are and eat what they eat shows a very interesting field of study(Caro, 1998,p. 400) As we consider more about these organisms, more information on theories should be properly compared and observed in the practicals so that the scientists or rather the mammologists should always compare with accurate and reliable information. The mammologists have always shown that the foraging and nutritional ecology of primates is an important field of study. As it provides us with some vital information concerning human beings, since human beings are also primates. Therefore the whole of these primates in question when properly studied, we tend to get some useful tips about us human beings (Balee, 1998,p. 650_. The nutritional needs of these primates may be varied with that of human beings, but they all belong in the same Kingdom and Phylum, as they have a lot of similarities than differences. These similarities are due to evolution. All the same, they play a very important role in the foraging habits of these primates, which are exclusively found in South East Asia. In this case it is important to note that energy and food are both important; one cannot be there without the other, in other words food is energy, and energy is food. The food chain of the primates in question in South East Asia goes on and these primates become healthy and thrive. Their habits are maintained and the value of food remains crucial. Finally, the foraging and nutritional ecology of primates in South East Asia is notably very interesting; therefore a lot of money should be invested in the continuous research in this spectacular part of the world. . Bibliography Balee, W (1998), Advance in Historical Ecology; Columbia University Press. New York Campbell, B (1995); Human Ecology; The Story of our place in Nature form Pre history to the present.Adline de Gruyter New York. Caro, T, (1998); Behavioral Ecology and conservation Biology; Oxford University Press; New York. Gouldey, M Mahar, I (2007) Floods of fortune; Ecology and Economy along the Amazon Columbia University. New York. Govbson, S, et el (1998); Ecology; Oxford University Press. New York Kinzey, G. W (1997); New World Primates Ecology, Education and Behavior. Aldine de Gryter. New York. Leyh Jr, G (2007); Tropical Forest Ecology. A view from Basso Colorado Island. Oxford University Press. New York.

Gatsbys Destruction :: essays research papers

Gatsby’s Destruction Gatsby’s destruction is caused by his inability to let go of a dream which cannot be realized: possessing Daisy Buchanan. He does not care so much for the person herself as the ideal she represents to him: true love and happiness. In the hopes of attracting Daisy, and in the hopes of becoming happy, Gatsby amasses a vast horde of wealth, and throws extravagant parties frequently: "At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors d’oeuvre, spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold" (page 44) Such grandeur would be more than adequate to please most people, but not Gatsby. He cannot be happy until he is with the ideal woman, in the ideal relationship. Gatsby’s greatest strengths as a character, and his greatest weaknesses, are his ambition, tenacity and discipline. At the end of the novel, we see that Gatsby has been this way since he was a child. His father comes upon one of his "resolve sheets" that he used to make. It reads: "Rise from bed..........................................6:00 A.M. Dumbbell exercise and wall scaling........6:15-6:30 Study electricity, etc..................................7:15-8:15 Work..........................................................8:30-4:30 Baseball and sports....................................4:30-5:00" (p.181) and so on. This, as Gatsby’s father says "Just goes to show you" (page181). It shows the reader that Gatsby was always destined for a lifestyle of wealth, but never destined to enjoy it. From childhood, Gatsby has been disciplined, ambitious, and tenacious. He was unwavering in his dedication to certain goals. Unfortunately, Gatsby’s ultimate goal was unattainable. Daisy comes from a family of great wealth and "old money". She is a member of an elite society of rich, snobbish people. Although she did not love her husband, she values the status and protection he provided for her. If she left Tom for Gatsby, she would lose this status and protection. Gatsby, although he is rich, is not "old rich". Because of this, he is looked down upon by members of Daisy’s class. Consequently, she would not leave her status for someone who she cared for. She thought her social obligations more important than Gatsby’s "true love". The arrogance of her class comes across as Tom talks to Gatsby, who is probably more rich than he is, but not of the older aristocratic class: " ‘She’s not leaving me.

Technical Writing, Project Specification Plan

Project Specification plan Sign-off sheet Name and Job title| Involvement in the project| Signature | Sharon Shameful,Chief Executive| -Signs off the project as a whole-Authorisation of interviews-Signs of on new project proposals| | Nathan SafeHuman Resources | -Hires new staff & also responsible for their interviews-Hires the technical writer-In charge of keeping up to date with staff reviews and reporting to management| | Money Penny Chief Financial Officer| -Signs off financial implications of the new policies and processes. Will provide financial background on health and safety training of staff. | | Mathew HandymanHealth & Safety officer & temporary Maintenance manager| -Signs off on the health and safety implications of the new policies and processes-Checks that proper health and safety procedure is implemented by all staff. -In charge of maintenance of all machinery and also trains new staff in using these. | | Hayden StarStaff Supervisor| -Supervisor ground staff-Interview n ew staff alongside human resource manager-Trains new staff in machinery| |Purpose The purpose of this documentation project is to come up with a new, improved process to prevent any future accidents involving dangerous equipment and providing employees with improved policies with proper health and safety procedure to prevent these accidents. The deliverables are: * A description of the new process, written up as business proposal, which will include a swim lane diagram illustrating who does what, at which level. * Dangerous Equipment use policy. * Procedures or instructions for one of the employees.The purpose of the documentation will be revised at daily meetings with the project manager, Nathan Safe. Definition of Audience Document| Audience | Audience Description| Business Proposal for training new staff and existing employees in the safe use of equipment| Management team| Has a good knowledge of finances and council operation as well as health and safety in relations to dangerou s equipment| Dangerous equipment use policy| All Employees| Ground knowledge of all equipment. Some already experienced in use of dangerous equipments. Are motivated to learn more after what has happened to a staff member. Procedure for Health and Safety and Maintenance officer| Mathew Handyman| Knows all about the machinery on hand and also their safety policies, but needs to be more proactive. | Note 1. Bruce alongside with his supervisor Hayden and 2 other colleagues will be available throughout the project for user testing Relationship of these documents to others The new documentation will replace the outdated Dangerous equipment use policy that has proved to be ineffective. The new policy and procedures must: * Follow proper health and safety codes set by ACC Fit with the councils financial budget * Fit with local councils general health and safety policies Production Information The business proposal will be presented in both electronic and paper form. The electronic copy wil l be make it easy for new additions. The proposal will consist of 2 – 3 pages and will also include at least one swim-lane diagram (in colour). The dangerous equipment use policy will be delivered as one page printed document. This will be handed out to all ground staff and also copies will be posted in the staff room in the maintenance shed.Intranet file will also be available to staff via the council network. Procedures will be only handed to one employee who will have to include this in action daily. Writers requirement Project will be mainly carried out on the premises of Maurati local council. Finalising and part of the writing will be done at the technical writers home office. During the project, the council will provide the technical writer, * Access to meeting rooms for interviews * Access to relevant documents * Access to scanner Admin will be assisting with all the printing and scanning.Originals will be printed by the technical writer at his preferred printing pres s. Nathan Safe, Money Penny, Mathew Handyman and Hayden Star will all be available for interviews during business hours. Sharon who is currently busy with the local gala will only be available on Friday. Ground staff will be available during their posted times, however, this will only be during their lunch hours. Free lunch vouchers will be handed at each interviews to all ground staff for taking time of their lunch to come for an interview.The technical writer will report all interview of staff to Nathan Safe. Schedules and Milestones Project Stage| Tentative time of Completion | Initial Research * Informal talk with Staff * Relevant document investigations * Scheduling with SMEs| 15 May 2012| Development of the project * Actual interviews conducted * Rough swim-lane diagram | 16-18 May 2012| Draft proposal complete| 20 May 2012| Draft Policy and procedure documents complete| 23 May 2012| Feedback on proposal and policy draftsTesting of procedure draft| 24 May 2012| Revising & Edit ing| 25 May 2012|Documentation Completed| 4 June 2012| Constraints Delays will be inevitable. Budget Technical writer’s work | Cost| Researching – 10 hours| $60 x 10= $600| Drafting Stage| $60 x 5= $300| Interview Staff and facilitating user-testing (vouchers will be provided free for charge to interviewees)| $60 x10= $600| Training Individual on Procedure| $60 x 10 =$600| Revising & Polishing – 10 hours| $60 x 10 =$600| Printing & Disbursement (standard) | $250| Total| $2,950 + GST|

Essay Example on Cultural Theory

Essay Example on Cultural Theory Question 1 This argument is rather pedestrian, especially considering that the modern society is based on co-existence. Taking the United States as an example, multi-cultural societies are inevitable in the contemporary world, where globalization is the force behind the destiny of the human race. Race should not be the determining factor as far as what one will do is concerned. On the contrary, all races should be treated equally with such doctrines as the equal employment opportunity being the guiding principles. The origins of this person’s logic could be the basic reasoning of a person in a society with class conflict, with its people divided along the lines of race. Worth mentioning is the actuality that there is faulty logic. Faulty logic is a common phenomenon, especially where the person forwarding an argument does so subjectively, without making considerations regarding what the objective truth ought to be. For instance, putting more money into police enforcement is less likely t o be the solution to broad social problems rooted in culture. Question 2 The dialogue between the processes of production and the activities of consumption is clearly visible in a number of social explanations. Economists as well as social scientists explain the connection through different theories and concepts. Economists explain the way demand influences supply. Apparently, the demand side of the equation is defined by the consumption process. Since such demand shapes supply, it implies that the consumption activities affect the production process so as to match the quality and features desired by the consumption activities. Speaking of such processes, Disney is one of the companies that can be used in illustrating the theory. Being in the media industry, an industry prominently cited by Marx, Disney’s production is shaped by the consumption culture that has been created in and by the viewers. While the consumers do not have the power to directly alter the processes, they indirectly have significant influence. A consumer can disarticulate this b y understanding that the producers such as the media are the stakeholders that set the pace by eliminating some features and content, hence limiting the choices availed to the consumer. For instance, through media ethics, the industry determines that which is suitable for viewing. Question 3 In her article titled Nurturing Brand Loyalty, Meyer conveys very important lessons on the consumption production cycle. Opening with the Ford Motors Co. marketing efforts, Meyer notes that the production consumption cycle is based on customer loyalty, a concept that companies have sought to nurture in children at the tender pre-school age. In my view, the article tends to suggest that the production-consumption cycle is based on purely psychological phenomenon. The psychology in this article is seen in the presumption that children will grow up knowing that the brand they are exposed to as kids is the best brand. The article is substantially strong, especially considering that it draws from the studies carried out by the author, and the direct quotes employed to add realism to the discussion. The psychological aspect of the production consumption cycle is explained by the quote, they have more market potential than the older kids they have all their purchases and influence on paren tal purchases ahead of them.† My initial reaction to the information in the article is considerably comparable to that of Psychologist Susan Linn, who thinks that the advertisements directed at pre-school children are not ethically justifiable because such kids’ free will is curtailed by the fact that, at such a vulnerable age, they believe in what they see. As such, they may end up consuming things that they could not, otherwise, have consumed in the absence of such interference. If I were to teach young people on how to identify such practices, I would adopt different approaches; first I would ask them to question the sustainable intention of the information. For instance, it is clear that the long term goal of the Ford efforts is to have the children grow up knowing that Ford is the brand of choice in the automobile industry. Question 4 Perhaps the most notable simulacra I have encountered are the creatures in the horror movies. Apparently, the creatures, usually zombies and vampires are not real; perhaps no such things exist in the real world, even. What actually happens is the distortion of the faces and bodies of human beings to bring out a scary picture that will attain the essence of the movie – horror. While these creatures are certainly not real, they engage my senses so deeply that I actually get terrified by what I see. While it may not make sense that such agency can affect a reasonable human being, the representation acts as the real thing, and forces us to associate what we see with reality. Another simulacrum I have encountered in life is the use of statues. I have come across statues of prominent personalities from history. While I have certainly never met the real people in person, getting close enough to such statues gives me a feeling that I have actually met the people. Question 5 While vertical thinking creates the ideal employee, lateral thinkers are the most effective innovators as they come up with new ways of doing things, by trying to be as open minded as possible. The differences between the vertical and horizontal thinking are rooted in the fact that the vertical thinkers always tend to follow rules and structures, hence, will always get the task done to expectations. Vertical thinkers are likeable students. Lateral thinking refers to a tactic of solving problems that gets the thinker looking outside the box, and seeking to come up with new ways. Lateral thinkers make many mistakes, and ask many questions in class. Such thinkers are not likeable students. For agency purposes, vertical thinkers are the most preferable as they tend to execute the instruction of the principal to the letter. Question 6 According to Hall, there is a close connection between doing cultural work and studying theories related to such work. This, according to Hall means that the dynamic nature of culture extends to the intellectual endeavors of the institutions that have been put in place to address all changes and developments in social science. For this reasons, Hall thinks that we cannot shy away from cultural theory. This way, we must get directly implicated. Question 7 The public service announcements were based on the negative aspects of tobacco and were designed to discourage the smoking of cigarettes. Apparently, the PSA was not adequately effective because it was vague. Saying that tobacco has different implications or effects on the body of the consumer are rather vague as the implication is that there could be some positive aspects. Perhaps the main reason why the PSA did not work as per the expectations is because the PSA was alongside the advertisement message that brought out the brand as a positive product. The researchers expected it to work because they linked the PSA with the horrible effects revealed by studies. Question 8 PSA are problematic because, despite their effectiveness, they have serious negative implications. Foremost, they derail the economy by discouraging the consumption of products that are no doubt the most notable contributors to the country’s tax base. Secondly, such PSA’s are problematic because they bear exaggerated information, and are not particular. Perhaps the most important thing to mention is the actuality that not all people get cancer from smoking, it therefore follows that the PSA have psychological adversities on the people using them. Additionally, PSA may not work if not accompanied by significant policy and such measures as higher taxation. Question 9 Typically, the capital will control the districts because, in actual fact, the capital and the districts are interdependent. As a matter of fact, the capital is associated with higher degree efficiency. For such efficiency to be attained, the districts must have an input to contribute to the capital. This way, the needs of the capital modify the activities of the districts hence controlling it. Signs are deployed as a symbol of control because they influence the mindset of the people in such a way that everybody with access to the sign will consider the sign to be some form of social control structures which are almost rules. The people from the districts are normalized by getting subjected to specific structures which are in line with vertical thinking. As such, their conducts are limited. The capital people are different from the people from the districts because the capital people are more of vertical thinkers because they are made to live by the structures put in place to boost e fficiency and coexistence. On the contrary, the district people are no controlled by the signs. Katniss subvert the order of the games through coming up with structural changes that limit lateral thinking. Such strict changes are related to the tactics and strategies as explained by Certeau’s tactics and strategies. Question 10 Born in 1960, I was brought up in the United States of America where I have schooled and developed in many aspects. In this short biography, I must mention that I am an African American who has seen the society go through changes over time. I have gained a deep understanding of various concepts in the socio-cultural spectrum. Notably, I must mention that I had a big picture that makes a lot of sense in today’s society and culture. I did foresee that drugs will become a primary menace in the society. Unfortunately for our country, this has become a reality. I experienced the Brain on Drugs campaign in 1987. The effectiveness it attained was good, but not enough to eliminate drugs. Today, my foresight makes a lot of sense. Question 11 While I may have o anecdote to share on Wahab’s crisis, it is critical to mention that it is no doubt one of the most notable concepts in cultural theory. Wahab’s crisis revolves around the fact that some identities are not distinctly distinguishable doe to certain overlaps that may occur. Wahab’s crisis can best be portrayed by the race issues in today’s multicultural society, where the definition of race takes different dimensions. Wahab’s crisis also happens when it comes to determining the native language of a child that is born in a society that is natively English but is biologically Asian, for instance.